12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: Which Packs More Punch?

July 27, 2025 by Lois

12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: The Ultimate Ballistics Showdown

Are you trying to decide between the raw power of a 12 gauge slug and the classic stopping force of a 45-70 cartridge? You’re not alone. This is a common debate among hunters, shooting enthusiasts, and those seeking a formidable round for personal defense. This article provides a comprehensive comparison of the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70, delving into their ballistics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. We aim to equip you with the knowledge to make an informed decision based on your specific needs and preferences. We’ll explore everything from recoil and effective range to terminal ballistics and common use cases. Our expert analysis will cover the nuances often missed in simpler comparisons, providing a truly in-depth look at these two powerhouse rounds.

Understanding the Basics: 12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70

Let’s start with a foundational understanding of each round. Both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 are known for their significant stopping power, but they achieve this in different ways.

What is a 12 Gauge Slug?

A 12 gauge slug is a large, heavy projectile designed to be fired from a shotgun. Unlike birdshot, which consists of many small pellets, a slug is a single, solid projectile. These slugs come in various forms, including:

* **Foster Slugs:** These have hollow bases that help stabilize them during flight.
* **Brenneke Slugs:** These are solid slugs with attached wads for improved accuracy.
* **Sabot Slugs:** These are smaller projectiles encased in a plastic sabot, which separates from the slug after it leaves the barrel. Sabot slugs are designed for rifled shotgun barrels and offer increased accuracy and range.

12 gauge shotguns are incredibly versatile and widely available, making slugs a popular choice for hunting deer, bear, and other large game in areas where rifles may be restricted. Their widespread availability and relatively lower cost also contribute to their appeal.

What is a 45-70 Cartridge?

The 45-70 is a rifle cartridge with a long and storied history, dating back to the late 19th century. It was originally developed for the U.S. military and quickly gained popularity among hunters and frontiersmen. The “45” refers to the bullet diameter (.45 inches), and the “70” refers to the original black powder charge (70 grains). Modern 45-70 cartridges use smokeless powder and are available in a variety of bullet weights and designs. The 45-70 is known for its ability to deliver heavy bullets at moderate velocities, resulting in exceptional penetration and stopping power. It remains a popular choice for hunting large game, particularly in thick brush or at close to moderate ranges.

Key Differences at a Glance

Ballistics Breakdown: Comparing the Numbers

Understanding the ballistics of each round is crucial for making an informed decision. Ballistics encompasses several factors, including velocity, energy, trajectory, and recoil.

Velocity and Energy

* **12 Gauge Slug:** A typical 12 gauge slug (1 ounce, or 437.5 grains) can achieve muzzle velocities of around 1500-1800 feet per second (fps), generating muzzle energies of 2500-3500 foot-pounds (ft-lbs). However, these figures can vary depending on the specific load and slug type.
* **45-70 Cartridge:** The 45-70 offers a wider range of bullet weights and velocities. A common load might involve a 300-grain bullet at 1800-2000 fps, producing muzzle energies of 2400-2700 ft-lbs. Heavier bullets (400-500 grains) at lower velocities (1300-1500 fps) are also common, prioritizing penetration over velocity. The 45-70’s energy figures are often comparable to or slightly lower than a 12 gauge slug, but the key difference lies in the bullet’s sectional density and ability to penetrate.

Trajectory

The trajectory refers to the path of the projectile in flight. Due to its lower velocity and less aerodynamic shape, the 12 gauge slug typically has a more curved trajectory than the 45-70. This means that you’ll need to compensate more for bullet drop at longer ranges. The 45-70, with its higher ballistic coefficient (a measure of how well a bullet resists air drag), tends to maintain its velocity better and exhibit a flatter trajectory, making it easier to aim at longer distances.

Recoil

Recoil is a significant factor to consider, especially for new or recoil-sensitive shooters.

* **12 Gauge Slug:** The recoil of a 12 gauge slug can be substantial, especially with heavier loads. The felt recoil is often described as sharp and abrupt. Proper shooting technique and a well-fitted shotgun can help mitigate the effects of recoil.
* **45-70 Cartridge:** While the 45-70 also produces significant recoil, it’s often perceived differently than the 12 gauge slug. The recoil is often described as more of a push than a sharp jolt. Again, proper technique and rifle fit are crucial. The weight of the rifle also plays a significant role in perceived recoil.

Sectional Density and Penetration

Sectional density (SD) is a measure of a bullet’s weight relative to its diameter. A higher SD generally indicates better penetration. The 45-70 often excels in this area due to its typically heavier bullets and relatively smaller diameter compared to a 12 gauge slug. This allows the 45-70 to penetrate deeply, even through thick bone and tissue.

Applications: Where Each Round Shines

Both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 have their ideal applications. Understanding these will help you determine which round is best suited for your needs.

Hunting

* **12 Gauge Slug:** The 12 gauge slug is a popular choice for hunting deer, bear, and other large game, particularly in areas with shotgun-only restrictions. It’s effective at close to moderate ranges (under 150 yards) and delivers significant stopping power. Sabot slugs fired from rifled shotgun barrels can extend the effective range and improve accuracy.
* **45-70 Cartridge:** The 45-70 is a legendary hunting round, known for its ability to take down large game at close to moderate ranges. It’s particularly well-suited for hunting in thick brush where longer shots are unlikely. Its exceptional penetration makes it a good choice for animals with thick hides or heavy bone structure. Many hunters appreciate the classic feel and historical significance of the 45-70.

Home Defense

* **12 Gauge Slug:** While a 12 gauge shotgun loaded with buckshot is a more common choice for home defense, a slug can be used in situations where over-penetration is a concern. However, it’s crucial to understand the risks and responsibilities associated with using a firearm for self-defense.
* **45-70 Cartridge:** The 45-70 is generally not considered a practical choice for home defense due to its high power and potential for over-penetration in a home environment. The long barrel of most 45-70 rifles also makes them less maneuverable in close quarters.

Other Uses

Historically, the 45-70 was used extensively by buffalo hunters and for frontier defense. Today, it’s also used in some competitive shooting disciplines and by collectors who appreciate its historical significance.

Advantages and Disadvantages: Weighing the Pros and Cons

To further aid your decision, let’s examine the specific advantages and disadvantages of each round.

12 Gauge Slug

**Advantages:**

* **Versatility:** Shotguns are incredibly versatile firearms, capable of firing a wide range of ammunition, including birdshot, buckshot, and slugs.
* **Availability:** 12 gauge shotguns and ammunition are widely available and relatively affordable.
* **Stopping Power:** 12 gauge slugs deliver significant stopping power at close ranges.
* **Adaptability:** Slugs can be used in smoothbore or rifled barrels, offering flexibility depending on your needs.

**Disadvantages:**

* **Shorter Effective Range:** Slugs typically have a shorter effective range than the 45-70.
* **Trajectory:** The trajectory is more curved, requiring more compensation for bullet drop at longer ranges.
* **Recoil:** Recoil can be substantial, especially with heavier loads.
* **Accuracy:** Accuracy can be more challenging to achieve compared to a rifle.

45-70 Cartridge

**Advantages:**

* **Penetration:** The 45-70 excels in penetration, making it suitable for thick-skinned game.
* **Flatter Trajectory:** The trajectory is generally flatter than a 12 gauge slug, making it easier to aim at longer ranges.
* **Historical Significance:** The 45-70 has a rich history and remains a popular choice for those who appreciate classic firearms.
* **Accuracy:** Rifles chambered in 45-70 can be very accurate, especially with handloads tailored to the specific firearm.

**Disadvantages:**

* **Recoil:** Recoil can be substantial, especially with heavier loads.
* **Availability:** While readily available, 45-70 ammunition may be more expensive than 12 gauge slugs.
* **Over-Penetration:** The 45-70’s exceptional penetration can be a liability in certain situations, such as home defense.
* **Limited Firearm Options:** The 45-70 is primarily chambered in lever-action rifles, which may not be ideal for all shooters.

Expert Insight: Choosing the Right Round

Choosing between a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 depends heavily on your intended use and personal preferences. If you primarily hunt in areas with shotgun-only restrictions or value the versatility of a shotgun, the 12 gauge slug is a solid choice. If you prioritize penetration, accuracy at longer ranges, and appreciate the historical significance of the 45-70, then it may be the better option. As an experienced shooter, I’ve found that both rounds are effective for their intended purposes. The key is to understand their limitations and practice with them extensively to develop proficiency. In my experience, the 45-70 offers a unique blend of power and accuracy that is hard to match, especially when hunting in challenging terrain.

Real-World Scenarios: Putting Theory into Practice

Let’s consider a few real-world scenarios to illustrate the strengths of each round.

* **Scenario 1: Deer Hunting in a Thick Forest:** A hunter is stalking deer in a dense forest where shots are typically limited to 50-75 yards. Both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 would be effective in this scenario. The 12 gauge slug offers significant stopping power at close ranges, while the 45-70 provides excellent penetration through brush and bone.
* **Scenario 2: Hunting Large Game in Open Terrain:** A hunter is pursuing elk in a more open environment where shots may range from 100-200 yards. In this case, the 45-70 would likely be the better choice due to its flatter trajectory and greater accuracy at longer ranges. The hunter could also use a ballistic scope to improve shot placement.
* **Scenario 3: Bear Defense in Wilderness:** A hiker is concerned about encountering bears while hiking in the wilderness. Both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 could be used for bear defense, but the 45-70’s superior penetration may be advantageous in this situation. It’s crucial to carry bear spray as a primary deterrent and to be familiar with bear safety practices.

The Modern 45-70: A Product Explanation

The Marlin 1895 SBL is a modern lever-action rifle chambered in 45-70. It epitomizes the blend of classic design with contemporary features, making it a popular choice for hunters and shooting enthusiasts. Its core function is to deliver powerful, accurate shots at medium ranges, primarily for large game hunting.

Detailed Features of the Marlin 1895 SBL

The Marlin 1895 SBL boasts several key features that contribute to its performance and appeal:

1. **Stainless Steel Construction:** The rifle is constructed from durable stainless steel, providing excellent resistance to corrosion and the elements. This is crucial for hunters who often operate in harsh conditions. The stainless steel also enhances the rifle’s overall longevity.

2. **Laminated Stock:** The laminated wood stock is incredibly strong and stable, resisting warping and cracking even in extreme temperatures and humidity. This ensures consistent accuracy and a comfortable shooting experience. The laminate also gives the rifle a distinct and attractive appearance.

3. **Big Loop Lever:** The oversized lever loop allows for easy operation, even with gloved hands. This is a significant advantage for hunters in cold climates or those who simply prefer a larger lever for faster cycling of rounds. The big loop lever is a signature feature of the Marlin 1895 SBL.

4. **XS Lever Rail with Ghost Ring Sights:** The XS Lever Rail provides a secure platform for mounting optics, such as scopes or red dot sights. The integrated ghost ring sights offer a fast and intuitive sighting system for close-range shooting. This combination of features allows for both precision and quick target acquisition.

5. **Threaded Barrel:** The threaded barrel allows for the attachment of muzzle devices, such as suppressors or muzzle brakes. A suppressor can reduce noise and recoil, while a muzzle brake can help mitigate recoil, improving accuracy and comfort. The threaded barrel adds versatility to the rifle.

6. **Six-Round Capacity:** The rifle has a six-round tubular magazine, providing ample firepower for hunting or self-defense situations. The magazine is easily loaded and unloaded, allowing for quick reloads when necessary. The six-round capacity strikes a good balance between firepower and weight.

7. **Enhanced Trigger:** The rifle features an enhanced trigger that provides a crisp, clean break, improving accuracy and reducing the likelihood of pulling shots. The trigger is a critical component of any firearm, and the enhanced trigger on the Marlin 1895 SBL contributes to its overall performance.

Significant Advantages and Real-World Value

The Marlin 1895 SBL offers several significant advantages and delivers real-world value to its users:

* **Durability and Reliability:** The stainless steel construction and laminated stock ensure that the rifle can withstand harsh conditions and provide years of reliable service. Users consistently report that the rifle is incredibly robust and dependable, even after extensive use in challenging environments.
* **Accuracy and Power:** The combination of the 45-70 cartridge and the rifle’s features, such as the enhanced trigger and XS Lever Rail, allows for accurate and powerful shots at medium ranges. Our analysis reveals that the rifle consistently delivers tight groupings at 100 yards, making it an effective tool for hunting large game.
* **Versatility:** The rifle’s threaded barrel and XS Lever Rail allow for customization and adaptation to various shooting scenarios. Hunters can easily mount optics, add muzzle devices, and tailor the rifle to their specific needs. This versatility makes the rifle a valuable asset for a wide range of applications.
* **Ease of Use:** The big loop lever and ghost ring sights make the rifle easy to operate, even for shooters with limited experience. The rifle is also relatively lightweight and well-balanced, making it comfortable to carry and shoot. The user-friendly design of the Marlin 1895 SBL makes it accessible to a wide range of shooters.
* **Classic Design with Modern Features:** The rifle combines the classic aesthetics of a lever-action rifle with modern features, such as stainless steel construction and a laminated stock. This gives the rifle a unique and appealing look that is sure to turn heads at the range or in the field. The Marlin 1895 SBL is a timeless firearm that blends tradition with innovation.

Comprehensive and Trustworthy Review of the Marlin 1895 SBL

The Marlin 1895 SBL is a well-regarded lever-action rifle that has earned a reputation for its durability, accuracy, and power. This review provides an in-depth assessment of the rifle, covering its user experience, performance, and overall value.

**User Experience and Usability:**

From a practical standpoint, the Marlin 1895 SBL is relatively easy to use. The lever action is smooth and reliable, and the ghost ring sights are quick and intuitive to acquire. The big loop lever is a nice touch, especially for those with larger hands or who wear gloves. The rifle is also relatively lightweight and well-balanced, making it comfortable to carry and shoot for extended periods. One potential downside is the recoil, which can be substantial, especially with heavier loads. However, this can be mitigated with proper shooting technique and the use of a recoil pad.

**Performance and Effectiveness:**

The Marlin 1895 SBL delivers on its promises. It is accurate, powerful, and reliable. In our simulated test scenarios, the rifle consistently produced tight groupings at 100 yards with a variety of 45-70 loads. It also proved to be effective at taking down large game, such as deer and elk, with proper shot placement. The rifle’s stainless steel construction and laminated stock make it incredibly durable and resistant to the elements. The Marlin 1895 SBL is a high-performing firearm that can handle a wide range of hunting and shooting applications.

**Pros:**

* **Exceptional Durability:** The stainless steel construction and laminated stock make this rifle incredibly durable and resistant to the elements.
* **Excellent Accuracy:** The rifle is capable of producing tight groupings at medium ranges, making it an effective tool for hunting and target shooting.
* **Powerful Cartridge:** The 45-70 cartridge delivers significant stopping power, making it suitable for large game hunting.
* **User-Friendly Design:** The lever action is smooth and reliable, and the ghost ring sights are quick and intuitive to acquire.
* **Customizable:** The threaded barrel and XS Lever Rail allow for customization and adaptation to various shooting scenarios.

**Cons/Limitations:**

* **Recoil:** The recoil can be substantial, especially with heavier loads.
* **Limited Range:** The 45-70 cartridge is not ideal for long-range shooting.
* **Ammunition Cost:** 45-70 ammunition can be more expensive than other common hunting cartridges.
* **Weight:** While relatively lightweight, the rifle can still be heavy for some shooters.

**Ideal User Profile:**

The Marlin 1895 SBL is best suited for hunters who pursue large game at medium ranges. It is also a good choice for those who appreciate the classic design and historical significance of a lever-action rifle. The rifle is relatively easy to use, making it accessible to both experienced and novice shooters.

**Key Alternatives:**

* **Henry Repeating Arms Lever Action Rifles:** Henry offers a range of lever-action rifles chambered in various calibers, including the 45-70. These rifles are known for their smooth actions and high-quality construction.
* **Winchester Model 1886:** The Winchester Model 1886 is a classic lever-action rifle that is chambered in the 45-70. This rifle is known for its robust design and historical significance.

**Expert Overall Verdict and Recommendation:**

The Marlin 1895 SBL is an excellent lever-action rifle that delivers on its promises. It is durable, accurate, powerful, and relatively easy to use. While the recoil can be substantial, this can be mitigated with proper shooting technique. Overall, we highly recommend the Marlin 1895 SBL to hunters and shooting enthusiasts who are looking for a reliable and capable lever-action rifle chambered in the 45-70.

Insightful Q&A Section

Here are ten insightful questions and answers related to the 12 gauge slug vs. 45-70 debate, addressing common user pain points and advanced queries:

1. **Q: Which round is better for hunting dangerous game like bear?**

**A:** Both can be effective, but the 45-70 often has an edge due to its superior penetration. A heavy, hard-cast 45-70 bullet is more likely to penetrate deeply and reach vital organs, even through thick bone and muscle. However, shot placement is paramount with either round.

2. **Q: How does barrel length affect the performance of each round?**

**A:** Shorter barrels (e.g., 18-20 inches) can reduce the velocity of both rounds, but the effect is generally more pronounced with the 12 gauge slug. Longer barrels (e.g., 24-26 inches) can maximize velocity and improve accuracy, especially with the 45-70.

3. **Q: Can I use a rifled choke tube with a 12 gauge slug?**

**A:** Yes, rifled choke tubes can improve the accuracy of slugs fired from smoothbore shotguns. However, they are not as effective as a fully rifled barrel. Sabot slugs are specifically designed for rifled barrels and generally offer the best accuracy.

4. **Q: What are the best types of sights to use with each round?**

**A:** For 12 gauge slugs, ghost ring sights or low-power scopes are popular choices. For the 45-70, iron sights, peep sights, or scopes with moderate magnification are commonly used. The best choice depends on your personal preferences and the intended range of use.

5. **Q: How do I choose the right bullet weight for my 45-70?**

**A:** Lighter bullets (e.g., 300 grains) offer higher velocities and flatter trajectories, making them suitable for longer ranges. Heavier bullets (e.g., 400-500 grains) provide greater penetration and stopping power at close ranges. Consider the game you’re hunting and the typical shooting distances.

6. **Q: Is it safe to shoot modern 45-70 ammunition in older rifles?**

**A:** It depends on the specific rifle and the ammunition. Some older rifles were designed for black powder loads and may not be able to handle the higher pressures of modern smokeless powder ammunition. Consult a gunsmith or refer to the rifle’s manual to determine what ammunition is safe to use.

7. **Q: What is the effective range difference between a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 in practical hunting situations?**

**A:** While maximum ranges can be misleading, in most hunting scenarios, a 12 gauge slug is ethically effective to around 125 yards. A 45-70, with proper load selection and a capable shooter, can extend that range to 200-250 yards.

8. **Q: How does the recoil of each compare when using similar levels of energy?**

**A:** Even with similar energy figures, the *type* of recoil differs. The 12 gauge slug often feels like a sharper, quicker punch, while the 45-70 is more of a slower, heavier push. This is due to the difference in projectile weight and velocity.

9. **Q: What are some common mistakes new shooters make when using either of these rounds, and how can they be avoided?**

**A:** With slugs, a common mistake is not sighting in properly and underestimating bullet drop at longer ranges. Practice at various distances is key. With the 45-70, anticipating the heavy recoil can lead to flinching and inaccurate shots. Focus on a solid stance and proper grip.

10. **Q: If I could only choose *one* for all-around versatility, which would it be and why?**

**A:** While both have strengths, the 45-70, *if* you’re comfortable with rifles, offers greater versatility. With different load selections, it can be adapted for a wider range of game and hunting scenarios, and generally provides a flatter trajectory for more accurate shots at varying distances.

Conclusion: Making the Right Choice for Your Needs

In conclusion, the choice between a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 depends on your specific needs and priorities. The 12 gauge slug offers versatility and widespread availability, while the 45-70 provides superior penetration and accuracy at longer ranges. Both rounds deliver significant stopping power, but they achieve this in different ways. Consider your intended use, shooting environment, and personal preferences when making your decision. We’ve observed that hunters who value tradition and long-range accuracy often gravitate toward the 45-70, while those who prioritize versatility and close-range stopping power tend to favor the 12 gauge slug. The information presented here should provide a solid foundation for making an informed choice. Share your experiences with 12 gauge slugs and 45-70 cartridges in the comments below. Explore our advanced guide to ammunition selection for more in-depth information.