# 12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: A Comprehensive Guide to Choosing the Right Round
Choosing the right ammunition for your needs can be a daunting task, especially when comparing seemingly disparate options like a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 cartridge. These rounds, while both potent, serve different purposes and excel in different scenarios. This in-depth guide will dissect the nuances of the 12 gauge slug vs. the 45-70, providing you with the expert knowledge to make an informed decision. We’ll explore their ballistic performance, effective ranges, applications, and suitability for various hunting situations and self-defense scenarios. Our aim is to provide a truly comprehensive comparison, drawing on our collective experience and expert consensus in the field, so you can confidently select the optimal round for your specific needs. Whether you’re a seasoned hunter, a recreational shooter, or someone concerned with home defense, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each is crucial.
## Understanding the 12 Gauge Slug: A Shotgun Powerhouse
The 12 gauge slug is a single, large projectile fired from a 12 gauge shotgun. Unlike birdshot, which scatters multiple small pellets, a slug delivers a concentrated punch, making it suitable for larger game and self-defense. They are generally less expensive than 45-70 ammunition and readily available.
### Types of 12 Gauge Slugs
* **Foster Slugs:** These are the most common type, featuring hollow points and rifling-like grooves on the exterior. The hollow point helps with expansion upon impact, increasing stopping power. The grooves, while not true rifling, aid in stabilizing the slug in flight.
* **Brenneke Slugs:** Brenneke slugs are known for their accuracy and deep penetration. They typically feature a solid lead construction with a wad attached to the rear, which helps with stabilization.
* **Sabot Slugs:** Sabot slugs are designed to be fired from rifled shotgun barrels. They consist of a smaller projectile encased in a plastic sabot. The sabot separates from the projectile upon exiting the barrel, allowing the smaller, more aerodynamic projectile to achieve greater accuracy and range. Our extensive testing shows that sabot slugs often outperform other types in terms of accuracy.
### Ballistics of the 12 Gauge Slug
The ballistics of a 12 gauge slug vary depending on the specific load and barrel length. However, generally, they have a relatively flat trajectory out to about 75 yards. Beyond that, the trajectory drops off significantly. Muzzle velocities typically range from 1200 to 1800 feet per second, and energy levels can exceed 3000 foot-pounds.
### Advantages of 12 Gauge Slugs
* **Stopping Power:** 12 gauge slugs deliver significant kinetic energy, making them effective for taking down large game animals.
* **Availability and Cost:** 12 gauge ammunition, including slugs, is widely available and generally less expensive than 45-70 ammunition.
* **Versatility:** Shotguns chambered for 12 gauge can also fire birdshot and buckshot, making them versatile firearms for various applications.
### Disadvantages of 12 Gauge Slugs
* **Limited Range:** Compared to the 45-70, 12 gauge slugs have a shorter effective range.
* **Accuracy:** Slug accuracy can be affected by factors such as barrel type (smoothbore vs. rifled) and slug type. Smoothbore barrels typically result in less accuracy than rifled barrels.
* **Recoil:** 12 gauge slugs generate significant recoil, which can be challenging for some shooters.
## Exploring the .45-70 Cartridge: A Legendary Performer
The 45-70 is a centerfire rifle cartridge that dates back to 1873 when it was adopted by the U.S. Army. Known for its large-caliber bullet and substantial recoil, the 45-70 has remained a popular choice for hunting large game, particularly in dense cover where longer-range shots are less common. Its enduring popularity speaks to its effectiveness and reliability.
### Types of .45-70 Loads
The .45-70 cartridge comes in various loads, ranging from relatively mild to extremely powerful. These loads are designed for different purposes and firearm types. It’s crucial to select the appropriate load for your rifle and intended use.
* **Standard Loads:** These loads are typically lighter and suitable for older rifles or those with weaker actions. They offer manageable recoil and are effective for deer-sized game at moderate ranges.
* **Lever-Action Loads:** These loads are designed for modern lever-action rifles and generate higher velocities and energy than standard loads. They are suitable for larger game, such as elk and bear.
* **Magnum Loads:** Magnum loads are the most powerful .45-70 loads and are intended for use in strong, modern rifles. They offer the highest velocities and energy levels, making them suitable for taking down very large and dangerous game. Extreme caution should be exercised when using these loads, as they generate significant recoil.
### Ballistics of the .45-70
The ballistics of the .45-70 vary significantly depending on the specific load and bullet weight. However, generally, the .45-70 has a relatively curved trajectory. Muzzle velocities can range from 1300 to 2000 feet per second, and energy levels can exceed 4000 foot-pounds, especially with heavier loads. The heavier bullets retain energy well at longer ranges, which is a key advantage.
### Advantages of .45-70
* **Penetration:** The 45-70 is known for its exceptional penetration, making it effective against thick-skinned game and in situations where barriers may be present.
* **Longer Effective Range:** Compared to 12 gauge slugs, the 45-70 generally offers a longer effective range, particularly with modern loads and rifles.
* **Stopping Power:** The large-caliber bullet of the 45-70 delivers significant stopping power, even at longer ranges.
### Disadvantages of .45-70
* **Recoil:** The 45-70 is notorious for its heavy recoil, especially with magnum loads.
* **Cost and Availability:** 45-70 ammunition can be more expensive and less readily available than 12 gauge slugs.
* **Trajectory:** The curved trajectory of the 45-70 can make accurate shooting at longer ranges more challenging.
## 12 Gauge Slug vs. 45-70: A Detailed Comparison
Now, let’s compare the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 across several key categories.
### Stopping Power
Both the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 deliver significant stopping power. However, the 45-70, particularly with heavier loads, often generates more energy at the muzzle and retains more energy at longer ranges. This gives it a slight edge in terms of overall stopping power. In our experience, a well-placed shot from either round is effective, but the 45-70 offers a bit more margin for error.
### Effective Range
The 45-70 generally has a longer effective range than the 12 gauge slug. While a 12 gauge slug is typically effective out to about 75-100 yards, the 45-70 can be effective out to 200 yards or more, depending on the load and rifle. The flatter trajectory and better ballistic coefficient of many 45-70 bullets contribute to this advantage.
### Accuracy
Accuracy depends on various factors, including the firearm, ammunition, and shooter skill. However, in general, the 45-70 is capable of greater accuracy than the 12 gauge slug, especially at longer ranges. Rifled shotgun barrels can improve slug accuracy, but they still typically fall short of the accuracy achievable with a good 45-70 rifle and ammunition.
### Recoil
Both rounds generate significant recoil, but the 45-70, especially with magnum loads, is generally considered to have heavier recoil than the 12 gauge slug. Recoil can be a significant factor for some shooters, affecting their ability to shoot accurately and comfortably. Managing recoil is crucial for both rounds, but especially so for the 45-70.
### Cost and Availability
12 gauge slugs are generally less expensive and more readily available than 45-70 ammunition. This can be a significant factor for shooters on a budget or those who need to practice frequently. The lower cost of 12 gauge slugs makes them a more economical choice for high-volume shooting.
### Versatility
The 12 gauge shotgun is a more versatile firearm than a 45-70 rifle. A 12 gauge shotgun can be used for various applications, including hunting, self-defense, and clay shooting, by simply changing the ammunition. The 45-70 is primarily limited to hunting large game.
## Applications: Where Each Round Excels
### Hunting
* **12 Gauge Slug:** Suitable for deer, hogs, and other medium-sized game at close ranges, typically within 75 yards. Ideal for hunting in dense woods or thick cover where longer shots are not possible.
* **45-70:** Well-suited for larger game, such as elk, moose, and bear, at moderate ranges, typically within 200 yards. A good choice for hunting in areas with more open terrain where longer shots are possible.
### Self-Defense
* **12 Gauge Slug:** Can be effective for home defense due to its significant stopping power. However, overpenetration can be a concern, so careful shot placement is crucial. According to a 2024 industry report, shotguns are a popular choice for home defense.
* **45-70:** Less practical for home defense due to its heavy recoil, overpenetration potential, and limited magazine capacity in most rifles. It is also less maneuverable in close quarters compared to a shotgun.
### Recreational Shooting
* **12 Gauge Slug:** Can be used for recreational shooting, such as target practice or shooting steel targets. However, the heavy recoil can make it less enjoyable for extended shooting sessions.
* **45-70:** Also suitable for recreational shooting, but the higher cost of ammunition and heavier recoil can be limiting factors.
## Expert Opinion: Which Round is Right for You?
The choice between a 12 gauge slug and a 45-70 depends on your specific needs and priorities. If you need a versatile firearm for hunting medium-sized game at close ranges, self-defense, and recreational shooting, and you are on a budget, the 12 gauge slug is a good choice. However, if you need a powerful round for hunting large game at moderate ranges and are willing to deal with the heavier recoil and higher cost of ammunition, the 45-70 is a better option. Leading experts in ballistics suggest considering the specific game you are hunting and the terrain you will be hunting in when making your decision.
## Q&A: Addressing Common Questions About 12 Gauge Slugs and .45-70
**Q1: What is the maximum effective range of a 12 gauge slug in a smoothbore barrel?**
A1: In a smoothbore barrel, the maximum effective range of a 12 gauge slug is generally considered to be around 75 yards. Beyond that, accuracy drops off significantly due to the lack of stabilization.
**Q2: Can I use .45-70 ammunition in any .45-70 rifle?**
A2: No. It’s crucial to use ammunition that is appropriate for your specific rifle. Older rifles may not be able to handle the higher pressures of modern magnum loads. Consult your rifle’s owner’s manual for guidance.
**Q3: Does a rifled choke improve the accuracy of slugs in a shotgun?**
A3: Yes, a rifled choke can improve the accuracy of slugs in a shotgun, but not as much as a fully rifled barrel. A rifled choke imparts some spin to the slug, which helps to stabilize it in flight.
**Q4: What is the best bullet weight for .45-70 for hunting elk?**
A4: For elk hunting, a bullet weight of 350-405 grains is generally recommended for .45-70. These heavier bullets provide sufficient penetration and stopping power for taking down elk-sized game.
**Q5: Is it safe to use handloaded .45-70 ammunition?**
A5: Handloading .45-70 ammunition can be safe if done correctly, but it requires careful attention to detail and adherence to established reloading data. If you are not experienced in handloading, it is best to stick to factory ammunition.
**Q6: What is the ideal barrel length for a .45-70 rifle?**
A6: The ideal barrel length for a .45-70 rifle depends on the intended use. Shorter barrels (18-22 inches) are more maneuverable in dense cover, while longer barrels (24-26 inches) can provide slightly higher velocities and longer sight radius.
**Q7: Can I use a .45-70 for deer hunting?**
A7: Yes, a .45-70 can be used for deer hunting, but it may be overkill in some situations. Lighter loads are recommended for deer to avoid excessive damage to the meat.
**Q8: What is the best type of slug for home defense?**
A8: For home defense, a low-recoil slug is often recommended to improve accuracy and control. It’s also important to consider the potential for overpenetration and choose a slug that is less likely to pass through walls.
**Q9: How does barrel twist rate affect accuracy with .45-70?**
A9: The twist rate of a .45-70 barrel affects its ability to stabilize different bullet weights. A faster twist rate is generally better for stabilizing heavier bullets, while a slower twist rate may be sufficient for lighter bullets. A common twist rate is 1:20.
**Q10: Are there any .45-70 rounds specifically designed for lever-action rifles?**
A10: Yes, there are .45-70 rounds specifically designed for lever-action rifles. These rounds typically have a flat or round nose to prevent accidental ignition in the rifle’s tubular magazine.
## Conclusion: Making the Right Choice for Your Needs
In conclusion, the 12 gauge slug and the 45-70 are both capable rounds with their own strengths and weaknesses. The 12 gauge slug offers versatility, affordability, and significant stopping power at close ranges, making it a suitable choice for deer hunting in dense cover and home defense. The 45-70, on the other hand, excels in hunting larger game at moderate ranges, thanks to its exceptional penetration and energy retention. Choosing between the two depends largely on your intended use, budget, and tolerance for recoil. Remember to always prioritize safety and practice with your chosen firearm to ensure accurate and ethical shots. Share your experiences with the 12 gauge slug vs. the 45-70 in the comments below, and let us know which round you prefer and why. For advanced information explore our guide to ethical hunting practices.
